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Study of Chinese Learners' Pedagogical Choices in Korean CLKs' awareness and capacity to draw on relational affordances, as well as learning-internal factors, were significant. Researchers from TS & ZL for instance, cited their relationships with their local professors as a key factor in their pragmatic decision to avoid criticizing a strict professor (see example 2). This article reviews all locally published practical research on Korean until 2020. It focuses on pragmatic fundamental topics like: Discourse Construction Tests The discourse completion test is a commonly used instrument in pragmatic research. It has numerous advantages, but it also has some disadvantages. For instance the DCT cannot take into account cultural and personal variations in communication. Additionally the DCT is prone to bias and could lead to overgeneralizations. It is important to carefully analyze the data before it is used for research or assessment. Despite its limitations the DCT is a valuable tool to investigate the relationship between prosody, information structure, and non-native speakers. Its ability in two or more stages to manipulate social variables related to politeness could be a benefit. This feature can be used to study the effect of prosody in various cultural contexts. In the field of linguistics the DCT has become one of the primary tools to analyze learners' behaviors in communication. It can be used to study a variety of issues that include politeness, turn taking, and lexical selection. It can be used to assess the level of phonological sophistication in learners speaking. A recent study utilized a DCT to assess EFL students' ability to resist. Participants were given a set of scenarios to choose from and then asked to select the most appropriate response. The authors concluded that the DCT was more effective than other measures to stop people from refusing such as a questionnaire or video recordings. However, the researchers cautioned that the DCT should be used with caution and should include other types of methods for collecting data. DCTs can be designed with specific linguistic criteria, such as the form and content. These criteria are based on intuition and based on the assumptions of test creators. They are not necessarily accurate, and they may misrepresent the way that ELF learners actually refuse requests in actual interactions. This issue requires more research on alternative methods of measuring refusal competence. A recent study examined DCT responses to requests submitted by students via email with the responses gathered from an oral DCT. The results revealed that DCTs preferred more direct and conventionally-indirect request forms and used hints less than email data. Metapragmatic Questionnaires (MQs) This study looked at Chinese learners their pragmatic choices when they use Korean. It employed various tools for experimentation including Discourse Completion Tasks, metapragmatic questions and Refusal Interviews. Participants were 46 CLKs with upper-intermediate ability who provided responses to MQs and DCTs. They were also required to provide reflections on their assessments and their refusals to participate in RIs. The results showed that CLKs frequently chose to reject native Korean pragmatism norms. Their choices were influenced by four factors that included their personalities and multilingual identities, their current life experiences, as well as their relationship affordances. These findings have pedagogical consequences for L2 Korean assessment. 무료 프라그마틱 was analyzed first to identify the participants' actual choices. The data was classified according to Ishihara (2010)'s definition of pragmatic resistance. Then, we compared the choices made by the participants with their linguistic performance on DCTs in order to determine if they were a sign of a pragmatic resistance. The interviewees were asked to explain their decision to use pragmatic language in a given scenario. The findings of the MQs and DCTs were then analysed using descriptive statistics and Z-tests. The CLKs were found use euphemistic terms such as “sorry” or “thank you”. 무료 프라그마틱 is likely due to their lack of familiarity with the target languages, leading to a lack of understanding of korean pragmatic norms. The results revealed that CLKs' preference to differ from L1 and L2 norms or to move towards L1 norms varied based on the DCT circumstances. In the scenarios 3 and 12 CLKs preferred diverging from both L1- and L2-pragmatic norms, while in Situation 14, CLKs preferred convergence to L1 norms. The RIs further revealed that the CLKs were aware of their pragmatism in every DCT situation. The RIs were conducted one-to-one within two days of the participants completed the MQs. The RIs were recorded and transcribed, then coded by two independent coders. The coders worked in an iterative manner and involved the coders reading and discussing each transcript. The results of coding are evaluated against the original RI transcripts to determine whether they reflected the actual behavior. Refusal Interviews (RIs) The key problem in the field of pragmatic research is: why do some learners decide to not accept native-speaker norms? A recent study attempted to answer this question by employing a range of experimental tools, such as DCTs MQs, DCTs, and RIs. Participants included 46 CLKs and 44 CNSs from five Korean Universities. They were asked to complete the DCTs in their native language and complete the MQs in either their L1 or their L2. They were then invited to an RI where they were required to reflect on and discuss their responses to each DCT situation. The results showed that CLKs, on average, did not conform to the patterns of native speakers in more than 40% of their responses. They did this even when they were able to create patterns that resembled natives. In addition, they were aware of their pragmatism. They attributed their decision to learner-internal factors like their personalities and multilingual identities. They also spoke of external factors such as relational benefits. For instance, they discussed how their relationships with professors facilitated a more relaxed performance in relation to the linguistic and intercultural norms of their university. The interviewees expressed their concern about the social pressures or penalties they could face when their social norms were violated. They were worried that their native friends would consider them “foreigners” and believe they are incompetent. This concern was similar in nature to that expressed by Brown (2013) and Ishihara (2009). These results suggest that native speakers' pragmatic norms are not the default preference for Korean learners. They may remain useful as a model for official Korean proficiency tests. Future researchers should reconsider the applicability of these tests in different contexts and in particular situations. This will help them better understand how different cultural environments can affect the pragmatic behavior of students in the classroom and beyond. This will also assist educators to improve their methods of teaching and testing Korean pragmatics. Seukhoon Paul Choi is principal advisor for Stratways Group, a geopolitical risk consultancy based in Seoul. Case Studies The case study method is a strategy that utilizes intensive, participant-centered research to explore a particular subject. It is a method that utilizes various sources of information to help support the findings, such as interviews and observations, documents, and artifacts. This kind of investigation can be used to study complicated or unique subjects that are difficult for other methods to assess. The first step in the case study is to define the subject and the objectives of the study. This will allow you to identify which aspects of the topic are important to investigate and which ones can be skipped. It is also helpful to review the existing research to gain a broad understanding of the subject and place the situation within a larger theoretical framework. This study was conducted on an open source platform, the KMMLU leaderboard [50], and its specific benchmarks for Korea, HyperCLOVA X and LDCC-Solar (figure 1 below). The results of this study revealed that L2 Korean learners were highly vulnerable to the influence of native models. They were more likely to choose incorrect answer choices that were literal interpretations of the prompts, which were not based on the correct pragmatic inference. They also had a strong tendency of adding their own words or “garbage” to their responses. This further reduced the quality of their responses. Additionally, the participants in this case study were L2 Korean learners who had attained level 4 on the Test of Proficiency in Korean (TOPIK) at the end of their second or third year at university and were aiming for level 6 in their next attempt. They were asked questions about their WTC/SPCC, pragmatic awareness, understanding and their knowledge of the world. The interviewees were presented two situations, each involving an imagined interaction with their co-workers and were asked to select one of the following strategies when making an inquiry. They were then asked to explain the reasons behind their decision. Most of the participants attributed their rational opposition to their personalities. TS, for example said she was difficult to get along with and refused to ask about the wellbeing of her colleague when they had a lot of work despite the fact that she thought native Koreans would.